Lead

Element	Lead
Symbol	Pb
Atomic Number	82
Molar Mass	207.19 gmol^-1
Electron Configuration	[Xe]4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6s²6p²
Normal State	solid metal
Density @STP	11.34 g cm^-3
Melting Point	327.5^oC
Boiling Point	1749^oC
Stable Isotopes	²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb
Atomic Radius	175 pm
Ionic Radius	132 (2+) pm
Electronegativity (Pauling)	2.33
Ionization Energy (1^st)	716 kJ mol^-1
Ionization Energy (2^nd)	1450 kJ mol^-1
Ionization Energy (3^rd)	3082 kJ mol^-1
Molar Heat Capacity	26.4 J K^-1mol^-1
Standard Molar Entropy	64.8 J K^-1mol^-1
Enthalpy of Fusion	5.121 kJ mol^-1
Enthalpy of Vapourization	179.4 kJ mol^-1

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Lead is a soft dense silvery-grey post-transition metal element
Lead discovery in the Middle East (7000 BCE)
Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials
Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point
Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element
Lead when freshly cut is bluish-white metallic colour, but tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air
Lead has a high resistance to corrosion (due to passivation)
Lead is a very soft metal and can be scratched with a fingernail
Natural lead contains 4 stable isotopes with mass numbers of 204, 206, 207, 208 and traces of five short-lived radioisotopes
Lead metal resists sulphuric and phosphoric acid but not hydrochloric or nitric acid
Lead rarely occurs in its native, metallic form, but usually as sulphides
Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness
Lead has been used for bullets since their invention in the Middle Ages
Lead major used is in lead–acid batteries
Lead with tin use in soldering for electronic joining
Lead used as ballast in sailboat keels, diving weight belts, fishing leads
Lead is added to copper alloys such as brass and bronze, to improve machinability and for its lubricating qualities
lead sheets are used as architectural metals in roofing material, cladding, flashing, gutters and gutter joints
Lead is useful as a barrier that absorbs sound, vibration, and radiation
Many metals have superior properties to lead in some specific aspects but are generally less common and more difficult to extract from parent ores
Lead's toxicity has led to its phasing out for many uses
Lead has no confirmed biological role

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