Indium
| Element | Indium |
| Symbol | In |
| Atomic Number | 49 |
| Molar Mass | 114.82 gmol-1 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr]4d105s25p1 |
| Normal State | solid metal |
| Density @STP | 7.29 g cm-3 |
| Melting Point | 157oC |
| Boiling Point | 2072oC |
| Stable Isotopes | 113In, 115In |
| Atomic Radius | 167 pm |
| Ionic Radius | 72 (3+) pm |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.78 |
| Ionization Energy (1st) | 558 kJ mol-1 |
| Ionization Energy (2nd) | 1821 kJ mol-1 |
| Ionization Energy (3rd) | 2704 kJ mol-1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity | 26.7 J K-1mol-1 |
| Standard Molar Entropy | 57.8 J K-1mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 3.27 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vapourization | 226.4 kJ mol-1 |
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- Indium is a silvery-white, highly ductile post-transition metal element
- Indium discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1863)
- Indium was first isolated by Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1864)
- Indium is so soft (Mohs hardness 1.2) that like sodium, it can be cut with a knife
- Indium is a member of group 13 on the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between its vertical neighbours gallium and thallium
- Indium has a low melting point, 156.60 °C higher than gallium, but lower than thallium and tin
- Indium produces a high-pitched crackling sound when bent like tin and is due to crystal twinning
- Below the critical temperature 3.41 K indium becomes a superconductor
- Indium metal does not react with water, but it is oxidized by stronger oxidizing agents such as halogens to give indium(III) compounds
- Indium does not form a boride, silicide, or carbide
- Indium is produced exclusively as a by-product of processing of ores of other metals, mainly sulfidic zinc ores
- Indium phosphide is used as semiconductors and indium tin oxide as thin films for liquid-crystal displays (LCD)
- First large-scale application for indium was coating bearings in high-performance aircraft engines during World War II
- Indium is used in fusible alloys, solders, and electronics
- Indium(III) oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO) are used as a transparent conductive coating on glass substrates in electroluminescent panels
- Indium wire is used as a vacuum seal and a thermal conductor in cryogenics and ultra-high-vacuum applications
- Indium is an ingredient in the gallium–indium–tin alloy galinstan, which is liquid at room temperature and replaces mercury in some thermometers
- Indium alloys with bismuth, cadmium, lead, and tin have low melting points (between 50 and 100 °C) are used in fire sprinkler systems and heat regulators
- Indium is one of many substitutes for mercury in alkaline batteries
- Indium is not thought to be an essential element for any living organism
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