Boron
| Element | Boron |
| Symbol | B |
| Atomic Number | 5 |
| Molar Mass | 10.81 gmol-1 |
| Electron Configuration | [He]2s22p1 |
| Normal State | solid metaloid |
| Density @STP | 2.47 g cm-3 |
| Melting Point | 2075oC |
| Boiling Point | 4000oC |
| Stable Isotopes | 10B, 11B |
| Atomic Radius | 88 pm |
| Ionic Radius | 12 (3+) pm |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 2.04 |
| Ionization Energy (1st) | 801 kJ mol-1 |
| Ionization Energy (2nd) | 2427 kJ mol-1 |
| Ionization Energy (3rd) | 3660 kJ mol-1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity | 11.1 J K-1mol-1 |
| Standard Molar Entropy | 5.9 J K-1mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 22.2 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vapourization | 538.9 kJ mol-1 |
[Back to Periodic table]
- Boron discovery by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard 1808
- Boron first isolated by Humphry Davy 1808
- Boron is similar to carbon in its capability to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks
- Elemental boron is a metalloid that is found in small amounts in meteoroids but chemically uncombined boron is not otherwise found naturally on Earth
- Pure boron is produced with difficulty because of refractory contamination by carbon or other elements
- Boron has several allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown powder and crystalline boron is silvery to black, extremely hard (~ 9.5 on the Mohs scale)
- Primary use of elemental boron is as boron filaments with applications similar to carbon fibers
- Boron is a poor electrical conductor at room temperature
- Boron is primarily used in chemical compounds
- Boron is used as an additive in fiberglass for insulation and structural materials
- Borosilicate glass used for its greater strength and thermal shock resistance than ordinary soda lime glass
- Boron compounds are used as fertilizers in agriculture and in sodium perborate bleaches
- Boron-10 isotope has a number of uses as a neutron-capturing agent
- Borates have low toxicity in mammals, but are more toxic to arthropods and are used as insecticides
- Boron is a necessary plant nutrient
- Boron nitride is a heat and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen
- Hexagonal boron nitride form corresponding to graphite is soft and is therefore used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products
- Cubic boron nitride variety analogous to diamond being extremely hard and is used for cutting/grinding tools and diamond like jewlery
- Metal borides are used for coating tools through chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition
- Boron is a component of neodymium magnets (Nd2Fe14B), which are among the strongest type of permanent magnet
- Sodium borates are used in fluxes for soldering, brazing and welding metals
- Boron and silicon are additives to nickel based alloys to produced self-fluxing alloys
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